ConsciousBand

Koh-i-noor

2005-04-04T20:08:00.000-07:00

According to some experts, Sultan 'Ala'-ud-Din Khalji is credited

Châtellerault

2005-04-03T15:59:00.000-07:00

Town, Vienne département, Poitou-Charentes région, west-central France. It lies north-northeast of Poitiers, on the main road from Paris to Bordeaux. Situated on the Vienne River, it derives its name from a 10th-century castle built by the 2nd Viscount Airaud of the district. The Henri IV bridge over the Vienne River was built between 1575 and 1611. The 16th-century Maison des Sybilles,

Norm

2005-04-03T03:29:00.000-07:00

Also called Social Norm, rule or standard of behaviour shared by members of a social group. Norms may be internalized—i.e., incorporated within the individual so that there is conformity without external rewards or punishments, or they may be enforced by positive or negative sanctions from without. The social unit sharing particular norms may be small (e.g., a clique of friends) or may include

Dandolo, Vincenzo

2005-04-02T04:18:00.000-08:00

Of modest origins, Dandolo, after studying chemistry at the University of Padua, became a champion of new scientific

San Lucas, Cape

2005-04-01T19:38:00.000-08:00

Spanish Cabo San Lucas, extreme southern tip of the Baja California peninsula, Mexico. The rocky headland forms the southern extremity of the Sierra de San Lazaro and includes the western shore of San Lucas Bay. The isolated town of San Lucas lies 2 miles (3 km) north of the cape.

Asansol

2005-04-01T13:46:00.000-08:00

City, West Bengal state, northeastern India. Situated in the heart of the Raniganj coalfield, it is the centre of the Kulti-Burnpur industrial complex. Asansol is connected by the Grand Trunk Road and by rail with Calcutta, Durgapur, and Burdwan. The city is an important coal-trading and railway centre, with large railway workshops and a railway colony. Its major industries

Thomas, George H(enry)

2005-03-31T22:32:00.000-08:00

A graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y., in 1840, Thomas served in the Mexican War (1846–48) and as an instructor at West Point. Despite his Southern birth

Saruhan Dynasty

2005-03-31T03:27:00.000-08:00

The dynasty was founded by Saruhan, a tribal chief and frontier prince in the service of the Seljuqs of Anatolia who traced his descent to the Khwarezm-Shahs of Central Asia; after its conquest of Manisa (1313), the dynasty's principality extended its territories to the Aegean Sea. Surrounded by the Turkmen

Resources, Allocation Of

2005-03-30T03:30:00.000-08:00

In free-enterprise

Ventimiglia

2005-03-28T08:39:00.000-08:00

Town, Imperia provincia, Liguria regione, northwestern Italy. It is situated at the mouth of the Roia River near the French border, just northeast of Nice, France. To the east of the modern town is the ruined Roman town Albium Intemelium, or Albintimilium, with the remains of a theatre. Ventimiglia's town hall houses a collection of Roman antiquities. Ventimiglia was the

Wicklow

2005-03-28T03:42:00.000-08:00

Irish Cill Mhantáin county in the province of Leinster, Ireland. With an area of 782 sq mi (2,025 sq km), it is bounded on the east by the Irish Sea and by Counties Wexford (south), Carlow and Kildare (west), and Dublin (north). County Wicklow includes much of the Leinster Chain mountain range, notably the Wicklow Mountains, and has fertile lowland areas. Much of its coast comprises rocky cliffs and excellent

Kambalda

2005-03-27T02:57:00.000-08:00

Mining town, southern Western Australia. It lies 37 miles (60 km) south of Kalgoorlie-Boulder. Gold was mined there from 1896 to 1906, but the site's modern importance dates from 1966, when deposits of high-grade nickel were discovered in the vicinity. The nickel ores are smelted at Kalgoorlie-Boulder, refined at Kwinana (south of Perth), or carried southward to the port of Esperance for shipment.

Antarctica, The land

2005-03-26T23:05:00.000-08:00

Wright Flyer Of 1905

2005-03-26T18:48:00.000-08:00

The flyer took to the air for the first time on June 23, 1905, at Huffman Prairie, a pasture located on the streetcar line some 8 miles

Giles, H.a.

2005-03-25T18:05:00.000-08:00

Educated at Charterhouse school, London, Giles joined the consular service and spent the years 1867–92 in various posts in China. Upon his return, he lived in Aberdeen, Scot.,

West Bridgewater

2005-03-25T00:54:00.000-08:00

Town (township), Plymouth county, eastern Massachusetts, approximately 25 miles (40 km) south of Boston. The area was deeded by Massasoit, a Wampanoag Indian chief and sachem (intertribal leader) of all Wampanoags, to six people in trust for 56 proprietors of Duxbury plantation for the price of knives, hatchets, hoes, coats, and cotton. It was settled by colonists in 1656. Some mills were

Peter Rabbit

2005-03-24T21:27:00.000-08:00

In 1993 children of all ages celebrated the 100th birthday of the world's best-known and most beloved lagomorph. The guest of honour was not only long in the tooth, he was also long in the ears. Peter Rabbit, who began his public life in Edwardian times and retained his best-seller status in the postmodern era, proved to be a contemporary centenarian. A nontrendy vegetarian, the

Antigonish

2005-03-23T15:44:00.000-08:00

Town, seat of Antigonish county, northeastern Nova Scotia, Canada. It lies at the head of Antigonish Bay, an inlet of St. Georges Bay, 31 miles (50 km) east of New Glasgow. The site was originally settled by the French in 1762; the first British immigrants (soldiers and Scottish Highlanders) did not arrive until after 1785. The earlier name, Dorchester, was replaced by Antigonish, a word that

Surduc Pass

2005-03-22T19:32:00.000-08:00

Also called Jiu Defile , or Jiu Pass Romanian Pasul Surduc pass, southwestern Romania. The Jiu River flows through the pass between the Vâlcan (west) and the Parâng (east) mountains, in the Transylvanian Alps (Southern Carpathians). The pass connects the Petrosani Depression (upper Jiu Valley) with the Plain of Oltenia. A road and the Bumbesti–Livezeni railway line, opened in 1947, follow the pass by means of 30 tunnels and several

Haavikko, Paavo

2005-03-22T06:36:00.000-08:00

With his first collection of poems, Tiet etäisyyksiin (1951; “The Roads That Lead Far Away”), Haavikko demonstrated a rare command of rhythm and image in his virtuoso handling of the language. In his next collection, Tuuliöinä (1953; “In Windy

Fruit Bat

2005-03-21T14:00:00.000-08:00

Any of numerous tropical Old World bats of the family Pteropodidae (q.v.).

La Galissonnière, Roland-michel Barrin, Marquis De

2005-03-20T21:53:00.000-08:00

La Galissonnière was the son of a naval lieutenant-general and studied at the College of Beauvais in Paris. He became a midshipman in the French navy in 1710 and, in the following year, made the first of a number of voyages on the Heros carrying supplies to Canada. Some 26 years later he commanded

Adams, Samuel

2005-03-20T02:01:00.000-08:00

Politician of the American Revolution, leader of the Massachusetts “radicals,” who was a delegate to the Continental Congress (1774–81) and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was later lieutenant governor (1789–93) and governor (1794–97) of Massachusetts.

Copenhagen

2005-03-18T13:31:00.000-08:00

A small village existed on the site of the present city by the early 10th century. In 1167 Bishop Absalon of Roskilde built a castle on an islet off the coast and fortified the town with

Bloat

2005-03-18T10:58:00.000-08:00

Also called hoven or tympanites disorder of ruminant animals involving distention of the rumen, the first of the four divisions of the stomach, with gas of fermentation. Bloated cattle are restless and noticeably uncomfortable and have distended left flanks. Bloat may occur after cattle have eaten alfalfa, winter wheat, and certain types of clover. Though deaths have occurred, economic losses

Sabzevari, 'abd Al-a'la Al-musawi Al-

2005-03-18T09:41:00.000-08:00

After finishing his basic education in Iran, Sabzevari moved to Al-Najaf to pursue advanced studies in philosophy and religious law, studying under the prominent mujtahid Muhammad

Theatricalism

2005-03-18T02:38:00.000-08:00

In the theatricalists' view, to turn one's back on naturalism was to draw inspiration from the spirit

Blood Bank

2005-03-17T05:26:00.000-08:00

Organization that collects, stores, processes, and transfuses blood. The fact that stored blood could safely be used was demonstrated in World War I. Before the first blood banks came into operation, the physician determined the blood types of the patient's relatives and friends until the proper type was found, performed the crossmatch, bled the donor, and gave the

Puerto Ayacucho

2005-03-16T19:58:00.000-08:00

City, capital of Amazonas estado (state), southern Venezuela, situated on the Orinoco River just below the Atures Rapids, which block navigation on the river. Puerto Ayacucho is the trading centre for the large but sparsely populated state, which produces mainly rubber and balata. From the city a road leads 55 miles (90 km) south-southwestward to the river port of Samariapo,

Taff Vale Case

2005-03-16T04:45:00.000-08:00

(1900–01), in Great Britain, the successful trial of a suit brought by the Taff Vale Railway Company against the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants (ASRS) in which the courts held that a union could be sued for damages caused by the actions of its officials in industrial disputes. Opposition to the decision did much to spur the growth of the nascent British Labour

Widener, Peter A.b.

2005-03-16T03:43:00.000-08:00

The son of poor parents, Widener began his working career as a butcher, eventually establishing a successful chain of meat stores. At the same time, he became active in Philadelphia politics, rising to the position of city treasurer in 1873. Later, making good use of his political

Hwange National Park

2005-03-15T15:08:00.000-08:00

Formerly Wankie National Park, park in northwestern Zimbabwe, on the Botswana frontier. It was established in 1928 as a game reserve, and as a national park in 1930. The park's area of 5,657 square miles (14,651 square km) is largely flat and contains fine hardwood forests of mukwa and Zimbabwean teak. Hwange is one of Africa's largest elephant sanctuaries and is also the habitat of thousands of Cape buffalo as well as giraffes,

United States, Black Codes

2005-03-15T14:05:00.000-08:00

Given little guidance from Washington, Southern whites turned to the traditional political leaders of their section for guidance in reorganizing their governments; and the new regimes in the South were suspiciously like those of the antebellum period. To be sure, slavery was abolished; but each reconstructed Southern state government proceeded to adopt a “Black Code,” regulating the rights and privileges of freedmen. Varying from state to state, these codes in general treated blacks as inferiors, relegated to a secondary and subordinate position in society. Their right to own land was restricted, they could not bear arms, and they might be bound out in servitude for vagrancy and other offenses. The conduct of white Southerners indicated that they were not prepared to guarantee even minimal protection of Negro rights. In riots in Memphis (May 1866) and New Orleans (July 1866), black persons were brutally assaulted and promiscuously killed.

Pipe

2005-03-15T04:24:00.000-08:00

In music, specifically, the three-holed flute played with a tabor drum (see pipe and tabor); generically, any aerophonic (wind) instruments consisting of pipes, either flutes or reed pipes (as a clarinet), and also the reed and flue pipes of organs. A pipe's pitch depends on its length, a long pipe having a low pitch. Pipes stopped at one end sound an octave lower than open pipes

Gwynedd

2005-03-14T21:48:00.000-08:00

The county is named for the medieval Welsh princedom of Gwynedd, which, under the Llewellyns, proudly held out against the territorial ambitions of Edward I of England in the

Childress, Alice

2005-03-13T10:43:00.000-08:00

Childress grew up in Harlem, New York City, where she studied drama with the American Negro Theatre in the 1940s. There she wrote, directed, and starred in her first play, Florence (produced 1949), about a black woman

Hwange National Park

2005-03-12T14:42:00.000-08:00

The most obvious method for obtaining the value of the astronomical unit would seem to be to measure simultaneously from two places on the Earth the position of the Sun against the background of the distant

Aust-agder

2005-03-12T00:45:00.000-08:00

Fylke (county), southern Norway. With an area of 3,557 square miles (9,212 square km), it extends 120 miles (190 km) northwestward into the mountains from the coastline on the Skagerrak (strait between Norway and Denmark). The landscape is broken and uneven, with the Setes Valley in the west bounded by steep coniferous-forested mountains rising to 3,500 feet (1,070 m); branching valleys in the middle of the

Khalaf, Salah

2005-03-11T22:49:00.000-08:00

Khalaf's family fled to the Gaza Strip in 1948 during the conflict that accompanied Israel's independence. In 1951 he went to study at the

Wright, Laura Maria Sheldon

2005-03-11T11:41:00.000-08:00

Laura Sheldon played as a child with local Native American children, among whom she began holding prayer meetings at age 10. After

Radin, Paul

2005-03-11T00:11:00.000-08:00

U.S. anthropologist who was influential in advancing a historical model of primitive society based on a synthesis of economic and social structure, religion, philosophy, and psychology. He pioneered in such important fields of anthropology as culture-personality studies and the use of autobiographical documents. An accomplished

Hoorne, Filips Van Montmorency, Graaf Van

2005-03-10T04:46:00.000-08:00

A gentleman-in-waiting at the court of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V,

Fenech Adami, Eddie

2005-03-09T19:12:00.000-08:00

After graduating from the University of Malta, Fenech Adami practiced law beginning in 1959, and from 1962 to 1969 he was the editor of a weekly newspaper. He ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives (parliament) in 1962 and 1966 but was appointed to a seat in 1969 upon the death of a Nationalist

Duwaym, Ad-

2005-03-09T17:25:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Ed-dueim, city, central Sudan, on the western bank of the White Nile, about 87 miles (140 km) southwest of Wad Madani and located at an elevation of 1,253 feet (382 m). It is an agricultural centre for the surrounding area, which produces cotton, cereals, oilseeds, peanuts (groundnuts), wheat, fruits, and vegetables. Industries include mechanized mills producing oils from sesame seeds and peanuts, soap

Balata

2005-03-09T10:36:00.000-08:00

Also called Gutta Balata, hard rubberlike material made by drying the milky juice produced principally by the bully tree (species Manilkara bidentata) of Guyana and the West Indies. The tree is tapped by cutting zigzag gashes in the bark and collecting the latex in cups, to be coagulated in trays. Like gutta-percha, balata is inelastic, tough, leathery, and water-resistant, and it softens when

Tsimshian

2005-03-08T07:57:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Chimmesyan, Indians of the North Pacific Coast of North America, inhabiting the mainland and islands around the Skeena and Nass rivers and Milbanke Sound in what is now British Columbia and Alaska. They speak any of three Tsimshian dialects: Niska, spoken along the Nass River; coastal Tsimshian, along the lower Skeena and the coast; and Kitksan (or Gitksan), along the upper Skeena.

Anschluss

2005-03-07T01:33:00.000-08:00

In July 1934 Austrian and German Nazis together attempted a coup but were unsuccessful. An authoritarian

Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius Von, Herzog Von Friedland, Herzog Von Mecklenburg, Fürst Von Sagen

2005-03-07T00:55:00.000-08:00

The outbreak of the Danish War (1625–29) gave Wallenstein his great opportunity. Ferdinand, mortified by his dependence on the Catholic League under Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria, readily agreed to Wallenstein's proposal to raise an independent imperial army of 24,000 men without charges upon the imperial treasury: Hans de Witte, Wallenstein's financial agent, was to advance the

Skelton Glacier

2005-03-06T23:05:00.000-08:00

Antarctic glacier situated on the Hillary Coast of Victoria Land, to the northeast of the Cook Mountains, near McMurdo Sound. It flows sluggishly southward into the Ross Ice Shelf. The greatest known thickness of ice along its 39-mi (62-km) length occurs at a point about 30 mi from the tip of its floating terminus. There the ice is about 4,760 ft (1,450 m) thick. The east side of the glacier is covered

Magnus Ii Eriksson

2005-03-06T11:19:00.000-08:00

The son of Ingeborg, daughter of the Norwegian king Haakon V, and of Duke Erik, brother of the Swedish king Birger Magnusson, Magnus was

Kaffraria

2005-03-05T14:28:00.000-08:00

(from Arabic kafir, “infidel”), the territories along the southeast coast of Africa that were colonized by the Portuguese and British. The term referred more specifically in the 19th century to those lands inhabited by the Xhosa-speaking peoples of the Transkei and Ciskei. Now considered pejorative, the term Kaffir was used in the 19th century as a synonym for Xhosa. In 1847, during

Saisunaga Dynasty

2005-03-04T21:08:00.000-08:00

Sisunaga, or Susunaga, the founder, was of obscure origin and may have initially served as Magadhan

Tzeltal

2005-03-04T14:10:00.000-08:00

Mayan Indians of central Chiapas in southeastern Mexico, most closely related culturally and linguistically to their neighbours to the west, the Tzotzil (q.v.). The habitat of the Tzeltal varies from plains and gentle hills to high peaks; climate and vegetation vary with altitude. The Indians are agricultural, growing corn (maize), beans of several varieties, and chilies

Wyler, William

2005-03-04T09:24:00.000-08:00

The son of a Swiss-born merchant in Alsace, Wyler attended the École Supérieure de Commerce in Lausanne, Switz., and the

Agon

2005-03-03T22:56:00.000-08:00

Debate or contest between two characters in Attic comedy, constituting one of several formal conventions in these highly structured plays. The Old Comedy of Greece, introduced into Dionysian festivals in 487 BC and surviving in the works of Aristophanes, adhered to a rigid structure within which some variation was allowed. The plays begin with a prologos, which outlines

Colonialism, Western, Axis Powers

2005-03-03T15:30:00.000-08:00

In the 1930s an aggressive new colonialism developed on the part of the Axis Powers, which developed a new colonial doctrine (“living space” in German geopolitics, the “empire” in Italian Fascist ideology, the “co-prosperity sphere” in Japan) aiming at the repartition of the world's colonial areas, justified by the supposed racial superiority, higher birth rates, and greater

Cambridge, Richard Owen

2005-03-02T05:30:00.000-08:00

Educated at Eton College and at St. John's College, Oxford, the young Cambridge went into residence at Lincoln's Inn in 1737. Four years later he married and went to live at his country seat of Whitminster, Gloucestershire. In 1751 he moved to Twickenham, where he

Solar Constant

2005-03-02T01:46:00.000-08:00

The total radiation energy received from the Sun per unit of time per unit of area on a theoretical surface perpendicular to the Sun's rays and at the Earth's mean distance from the Sun. Measurements at the Earth's surface must be corrected for atmospheric effects and seasonal changes in distance from the Sun. The value of the constant is approximately 2 calories per

Trichomoniasis

2005-03-01T22:45:00.000-08:00

The pear-shaped species T.

Hindustani Language

2005-03-01T10:15:00.000-08:00

Lingua franca of modern India before partition (1947). Based on Khari Boli, a dialect originating in the area around Delhi, Meerut, and Saharanpur, it was spread throughout India by the Mughals and merchants. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the language was strongly promoted by an Englishman, John Borthwick Gilchrist (1759–1841), who wrote a Hindustani dictionary and a number of

Cable

2005-02-28T15:04:00.000-08:00

The first successful stranded iron wire rope was developed in 1831–34 by Wilhelm Albert, a mining official of Clausthal

Agostino Di Duccio

2005-02-28T07:01:00.000-08:00

Agostino's name is associated mainly with the wealth of sculptured decoration for the Tempio Malatestiano at Rimini, a building

Photoelectric Effect

2005-02-27T22:06:00.000-08:00

Photoemissive phenomena are well known for the higher energy ranges in the X-ray and gamma regions because such penetrating radiation can release photoelectrons from inner atomic shells. If a vacancy is produced in an inner shell because of the removal of an electron through the photoelectric process, the vacancy will be filled by an electron from a less tightly

Pacific Ocean, Tropical storms

2005-02-27T06:05:00.000-08:00

Although, in general, the climatic conditions of the trade-wind belts are characteristically regular and uniform, storms of great violence do originate there. In such storms, winds of exceptionally great force spiral inward toward a centre of exceedingly low atmospheric pressure. These are the tropical storms known in the western Pacific as typhoons. While the

Antarctica, National rivalries and claims

2005-02-27T00:28:00.000-08:00

The early discoveries led to a few controversies not only for territorial claims but also in geographic nomenclature. The struggle for national influence was especially acute in the slender peninsular landmass south of Scotia Sea that became known as O'Higgins Land (Tierra O'Higgins) to Chileans and San Martin Land (Tierra San Martín) to Argentines, named for national

Biblical Literature, Catholic versions

2005-02-26T02:17:00.000-08:00

The most significant development in modern Catholic translations

Alba

2005-02-25T17:30:00.000-08:00

A Provençal song of lament for lovers parting at dawn or of a watchman's warning to lovers at dawn. Albas were sung by the 11th- and 12th-century troubadours. Some sources consider the alba an early form of an aubade, though, unlike the alba, an aubade is usually a celebration of the dawn. Examples of albas for which music also survives include “Reis glorios” by Guiraut de Bornelh

Albert I

2005-02-25T09:56:00.000-08:00

In 1123 Albert inherited Saxon estates between the Harz Mountains and the middle reaches of the Elbe River from his father, Otto the Rich. After his mother's death in 1142, he received the central German possessions

Ezzelino Iii Da Romano

2005-02-25T08:09:00.000-08:00

Ezzelino also spelled Eccelino Italian noble and soldier who was podestà (feudal mayor) of Verona (1226–30, 1232–59), Vicenza (1236–59), and Padua (1237–56). A skilled commander and successful intriguer, he expanded and consolidated his power over almost all northeast Italy by aiding the Holy Roman emperor Frederick II and the pro-imperial Ghibellines in their struggle against the papist party, the Guelfs.

Annam

2005-02-24T02:20:00.000-08:00

The central section of Vietnam known to the French as Annam is largely a highland

Rivière, Jacques

2005-02-23T20:47:00.000-08:00

Writer, critic, and editor who was a major force in the intellectual life of France in the period immediately following World War I. His most important works were his thoughtful and finely written essays on the arts. In 1912 a collection of these essays was published as Études; a second such collection, entitled Nouvelles études (“Further

Antarctica, The Antarctic Treaty

2005-02-23T14:02:00.000-08:00

With the ending of IGY the threat arose that the moratorium too would end, letting the carefully worked out Antarctic structure collapse into its pre-IGY chaos. In the fall of 1957 the U.S. Department of State reviewed its Antarctic policy and sounded out agreements with the 11 other governments with Antarctic interests. On May 2, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued identical

Fable, Parable, And Allegory, The Greeks

2005-02-23T06:50:00.000-08:00

Hellenic tradition after Homer stands in sharp contrast to this concentration on the fulfilling of a divine plan. The analytic, essentially scientific histories of Herodotus and Thucydides precluded much confident belief in visionary providence. The Greeks rather believed history to be structured in cycles, as distinct from the more purposive linearity

Cabrillo, Juan Rodríguez

2005-02-23T02:56:00.000-08:00

Virtually nothing is known of Cabrillo's early life, though he might have been born in Portugal. As a young man, he appears to have accompanied the Spanish soldier Pánfilo de Narváez (1520) in his unsuccessful punitive expedition against

Elhuyar (y De Suvisa), Fausto (d')

2005-02-21T17:10:00.000-08:00

Spanish chemist and mineralogist who in partnership with his brother Juan José was the first to isolate tungsten, or wolfram (1783), though not the first to recognize its elemental nature. After teaching at Vergara, in Spain (1781–85), Fausto accompanied his brother to several European colleges, including the Freiberg (Saxony) School of Mining and the

Aqaba, Gulf Of

2005-02-20T20:26:00.000-08:00

Arabic Khalij Al-'aqabah, northeastern arm of the Red Sea, penetrating between Saudi Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula. It varies in width from 12 to 17 miles (19 to 27 km) and is 100 miles (160 km) long. The gulf lies in a pronounced cleft between hills rising abruptly to about 2,000 feet (600 m). Navigation is difficult because of the gulf's narrow entrance at the Straits of Tiran and its islands, coral reefs, and sudden squalls. The

Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton

2005-02-20T19:07:00.000-08:00

Hooker,

Biblical Literature, Literary criticism

2005-02-19T21:29:00.000-08:00

Literary criticism endeavours to establish the literary genres (types or categories) of the various documents and to reach conclusions about their structure, date, and authorship. These conclusions are based as far as possible on internal evidence, but external evidence is also very helpful, especially where date is concerned. If the document under consideration

Trinidad And Tobago

2005-02-18T07:45:00.000-08:00

The nation's new coalition government

Norfolk

2005-02-18T00:56:00.000-08:00

Administrative and historic county of eastern England, bounded by Suffolk (south), Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire (west), and the North Sea (north and east). The administrative county comprises seven districts: Breckland, Broadland, North Norfolk, and South Norfolk; the boroughs of Great Yarmouth and King's Lynn and West Norfolk; and the city of Norwich. The historic

Nephi

2005-02-16T22:02:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1882) of Juab county, north-central Utah, U.S. Located at the southern end of the Wasatch Range, the city was founded as an agricultural colony in 1851 and was originally called Salt Creek; in the late 1850s Mormon leaders renamed it after a prophet of the Book of Mormon. Nephi grew as a ranching and farming centre, later becoming a shipping point for gypsum mined in the vicinity

China, Communist growth

2005-02-16T18:45:00.000-08:00

The Communist armies were growing rapidly in 1943 and 1944. According to U.S. war correspondents visiting the Yen-an area in May 1944 and to a group of U.S. observers that established itself there in July, the Communists professed allegiance to democracy and to continued cooperation with the National Government in the war effort. There was convincing evidence that the areas under

Nitro Compound

2005-02-16T01:11:00.000-08:00

Any of a family of chemical compounds in which the nitro group (-O-N=O) forms part of the molecular structure. The most common examples are organic substances in which a carbon atom is linked by a covalent bond to the nitrogen atom of the nitro group. Nitro compounds are polar, and those with no other chemically reactive grouping are colourless or pale yellow liquids that

Annelid

2005-02-15T17:25:00.000-08:00

General overviews of annelids can be found in R. Phillips Dales, Annelids, 2nd ed. (1967), a semipopular account; D.T. Anderson, Embryology and Phylogeny in Annelids and Arthropods (1973); P.J. Mill (ed.), Physiology of Annelids (1978), a review; Robert D. Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 4th ed. (1980), ch. 10, “The Annelids,” pp. 263–341; R.O. Brinkhurst, “Evolution in the Annelida,” Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60(5):1043–59 (1982), a summary of current scholarship; Donald J. Klemm (ed.), A Guide to the Freshwater Annelida (Polychaeta, Naidid and Tubificid Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea) of North America (1985), on ecology and taxonomy; and Vicki Pearse et al., Living Invertebrates (1987), ch. 16, “Annelid Body Plan,” and ch. 17, “A Diversity of Annelids,” pp. 387–437. For information on polychaetes, see Kristian Fauchald, The Polychaete Worms: Definitions and Keys to the Orders, Families, and Genera (1977); Kristian Fauchald and P.A. Jumars, “The Diet of Worms: A Study of Polychaete Feeding Guilds,” Oceanography and Marine Biology, 17:193–284 (1979); and Albrecht Fischer and Hans-Dieter Pfannenstiel (eds.), Polychaete Reproduction: Progress in Comparative Reproductive Biology (1984), a collection of symposium papers. For oligochaetes, see R.O. Brinkhurst and B.G.M. Jamieson, Aquatic Oligochaeta of the World (1971); C.A. Edwards and J.R. Lofty, Biology of Earthworms, 2nd ed. (1977); and O. Giere and O. Pfannkuche, “Biology and Ecology of Marine Oligochaeta: A Review,” Oceanography and Marine Biology, 20:173–308 (1982). See also the proceedings of three international symposia on aquatic oligochaete biology: R.O. Brinkhurst and David G. Cook (eds.), Aquatic Oligochaete Biology (1980); G. Bonomi and C. Erséus (eds.), Aquatic Oligochaeta (1984); and R.O. Brinkhurst and R.J. Diaz (eds.), Aquatic Oligochaeta (1987). For leeches, see Kenneth J. Muller, John G. Nicholls, and Gunther S. Stent (ed.), Neurobiology of the Leech (1981); and Roy T. Sawyer, Leech Biology and Behaviour, 3 vol. (1986), an extensive overview.

Biblical Literature, Canaanite culture and religion

2005-02-15T13:13:00.000-08:00

The Israelite tribes during the period of the guidance and leadership of Moses and Joshua mainly had to contend with nomadic tribes; in their contacts with such groups, they absorbed some of the attitudes and motifs of the nomadic way of life, such as independence, a love of freedom to move about, and fear of or disdain for the way of life of settled, agricultural, and urban

Barasingha

2005-02-14T05:45:00.000-08:00

Also called Swamp Deer (species Cervus duvauceli), graceful deer, belonging to the family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla), found in open forests and grasslands of India and Nepal. The barasingha stands about 1.1 m (45 inches) at the shoulder. In summer, its coat is reddish or yellowish brown with white spots; in winter, its coat is heavier, particularly on the neck—brown with faint spots or none. The male

Afghanistan, Flag Of

2005-02-14T04:44:00.000-08:00

Since the early 20th century, Afghanistan has had numerous national flags. In 1928 Amanollah Khan, having just returned from a trip to Europe, was determined to introduce modern principles into the country. He chose a tricolour of black for the dark ages of the past, red for the blood shed in the independence struggle, and green for the hope and wealth of the future. Amanollah was

Moses Lake

2005-02-13T23:47:00.000-08:00

City, Grant county, central Washington, U.S., situated on the northeast shore of Moses Lake. Located on a traditional hunting and fishing ground, the town was settled in 1897 and was laid out in 1910 as Neppel; in 1938 it was renamed for the Columbia-Sinkiuse Indian leader Moses. Located in the Columbia River basin, the city serves as the trade centre of an irrigated farm region producing

Somalia, Somali clans and foreign traders

2005-02-13T13:07:00.000-08:00

Thus, by the latter part of the 19th century the coastal and hinterland traditions had merged, and the centre of pressure had swung from the coast to the interior. In the north the ancient ports of Berbera and Seylac, much reduced in prosperity and importance, were now controlled by Somali nomads, and the position with the old ports of Marka, Baraawe, and Mogadishu was very

Annelid, Locomotion

2005-02-13T11:28:00.000-08:00

The basic features of locomotion in annelids are most easily observed in the earthworm because it lacks appendages and parapodia. Movement involves extending the body, anchoring it to a surface with setae, and contracting body muscles. When the worm begins a forward movement, circular muscles at the anterior end contract, extending the head forward. At the same

Floral Decoration, Middle Ages

2005-02-12T15:26:00.000-08:00

Illuminated manuscripts of the Gothic period (from the

Catamarca

2005-02-11T17:26:00.000-08:00

Also called San Fernando Del Valle De Catamarca city, capital of Catamarca province, northwestern Argentina, on the Río del Valle de Catamarca, a river between the two south-pointing spurs of the Andean sierras of Ambato and Ancasti. Originally named Londres, it was founded by the explorer Juan Pérez de Zurita (1559) in the Valle de Quinmivil. Following various moves due to hostile Indians, Catamarca was established in

Lentulus Crus, Lucius Cornelius

2005-02-11T04:29:00.000-08:00

In 61 BC Lentulus was the chief accuser of Publius Clodius on a charge of sacrilege at a festival. Lentulus was a praetor in 58. As consul in 49 he advocated the rejection of all peace terms offered by Caesar in his conflict with the Senate. On the outbreak of the Civil War

Ba'al Shem

2005-02-10T21:32:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Baalshem, or Balshem (Hebrew: “master of the name”), plural Ba'ale Shem, Baaleshem, or Baleshem, in Judaism, title bestowed upon men who reputedly worked wonders and effected cures through secret knowledge of the ineffable names of God. Benjamin ben Zerah (11th century) was one of several Jewish poets to employ the mystical names of God in his works, thereby demonstrating a belief in the efficacy of the holy name long before certain rabbis and Kabbalists (followers

Anne

2005-02-09T04:57:00.000-08:00

David Green, Queen Anne (1970); Edward Gregg, Queen Anne (1980).

Drachma

2005-02-08T10:21:00.000-08:00

Silver coin of ancient Greece and the former monetary unit of modern Greece. Its name derives from the Greek verb “to grasp,” and its original value was equivalent to that of a handful of arrows. The early drachma had different weights in different regions. From the 5th century BC, Athens gained commercial preeminence, and the Athenian drachma became the foremost currency.

Australia, Tasmania

2005-02-08T08:28:00.000-08:00

The 1860s imprinted a sleepy image on Tasmania, which persisted. The mineral discoveries at Mount Bischoff and elsewhere were important in reviving the economy. Nevertheless, living standards generally remained lower than elsewhere, and there were still property qualifications for voting in 1900. The colony contributed to democratic practice, however, by experimenting

Viscount

2005-02-08T04:29:00.000-08:00

In the Carolingian period of European history, the vicecomites, or missi comitis, were deputies, vicars, or lieutenants of the counts, whose official powers they exercised by delegation. As the countships eventually became hereditary, the lieutenancies did as well: for instance, in France the

Boise State University

2005-02-07T13:34:00.000-08:00

Public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Boise, Idaho, U.S. The university comprises eight colleges, including the Larry G. Selland College of Applied Technology, which provides applied science degrees in fields such as information technology, horticulture, and culinary arts. Boise State University offers a range of associate and bachelor's degree

Lens

2005-02-07T04:16:00.000-08:00

In anatomy, a colourless, nearly transparent biconvex structure suspended behind the iris of the eye, the sole function of which is to focus light rays onto the retina. The lens is made up of unusual elongated cells that have no blood supply but obtain nutrients from the surrounding fluids, the aqueous humour in front and the vitreous behind. The shape of the lens—essentially

ConsciousBand

Koh-i-noor

Châtellerault

Norm

Dandolo, Vincenzo

San Lucas, Cape

Asansol

Thomas, George H(enry)

Saruhan Dynasty

Resources, Allocation Of

Ventimiglia

Wicklow

Kambalda

Antarctica, The land

Wright Flyer Of 1905

Giles, H.a.

West Bridgewater

Peter Rabbit

Antigonish

Surduc Pass

Haavikko, Paavo

Fruit Bat

La Galissonnière, Roland-michel Barrin, Marquis De

Adams, Samuel

Copenhagen

Bloat

Sabzevari, 'abd Al-a'la Al-musawi Al-

Theatricalism

Blood Bank

Puerto Ayacucho

Taff Vale Case

Widener, Peter A.b.

Hwange National Park

United States, Black Codes

Pipe

Gwynedd

Childress, Alice

Hwange National Park

Aust-agder

Khalaf, Salah

Wright, Laura Maria Sheldon

Radin, Paul

Hoorne, Filips Van Montmorency, Graaf Van

Fenech Adami, Eddie

Duwaym, Ad-

Balata

Tsimshian

Anschluss

Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius Von, Herzog Von Friedland, Herzog Von Mecklenburg, Fürst Von Sagen

Skelton Glacier

Magnus Ii Eriksson

Kaffraria

Saisunaga Dynasty

Tzeltal

Wyler, William

Agon

Colonialism, Western, Axis Powers

Cambridge, Richard Owen

Solar Constant

Trichomoniasis

Hindustani Language

Cable

Agostino Di Duccio

Photoelectric Effect

Pacific Ocean, Tropical storms

Antarctica, National rivalries and claims

Biblical Literature, Catholic versions

Alba

Albert I

Ezzelino Iii Da Romano

Annam

Rivière, Jacques

Antarctica, The Antarctic Treaty

Fable, Parable, And Allegory, The Greeks

Cabrillo, Juan Rodríguez

Elhuyar (y De Suvisa), Fausto (d')

Aqaba, Gulf Of

Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton

Biblical Literature, Literary criticism

Trinidad And Tobago

United States, Black Codes